White Drop
White Nose Syndrome
A mysterious white fungus, known as White-nose syndrome, is causing a serious decline in bat populations across the northeastern United States. Since the first case of White-nose syndrome (WNS) was reported in 2006, serious drops in specific bat populations, as much as 90% in certain areas, have been discovered. There have even been reports that mortality rates in certain bats, particularly Indiana bats (Myotis sodalis) and little brown bats (Myotis lucifugus), have dropped so drastically that they are either on the brink of endangerment, or worse, total extinction. Investigations by local researchers and microbiologists have been ongoing to detect and isolate the white fungus, the cause behind it and ultimately a cure for the wide spreading disease.
White-nose syndrome was first observed on infected bats in the United States in 2006. According to John O. Whitaker, Jr., a professor with the Department of Biology at Indiana State University, “This syndrome was first documented by a photograph taken in Howe Cave, Schoharie County, New York, on February 16, 2006, and was observed in a few bats in 2006 by the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation.” By the end of 2007, nearly 11,000 bats were found dead in four caves in New York State. Researchers struggled to come to grips with the enormity of the disease and how quickly it had decimated the local bat population. The disease was dubbed “white-nose syndrome” when most of the dead bats found had a mysterious white fungal growth around their nose and face.
Researchers have determined that White-nose syndrome is being transmitted through direct bat-to-bat contact. But how has the fungus spread from cave to cave, across nearly the entire length of the northeastern United States in only a few short years? This question stymied microbiologists studying the case until a direct correlation was made between humans and the caves where bats infected with WNS were found. While it is still unclear, whether or not humans are the cause behind the fungus, evidence has been discovered that man is helping to spread it. According to bat researcher, Bob Hoke, “The fungus can grow on many different organic materials, and appears to persist in caves and mines year-round. Fungal spores, and/or other microscopic organisms, can easily become attached to skin, hair, clothing and equipment, and it is possible that such elements could remain viable for weeks or months after leaving a subterranean environment.” This explanation would account for the spread of WNS across state lines in caves where humans frequently visit for recreational and educational purposes. Since the connection between humans and the spread of the fungus has been made, cave dwellers and casual researchers have been denied access into caves where bats are located.
The next step in battling the white fungal disease, WNS, is finding a cure for infected bats and stopping the syndrome from spreading cave to cave. Could the cure be as simple as applying apple cider vinegar to the infected? According to Jackie Kashmer, a researcher with Bat World New Jersey, the answer is an astounding, yes! “I’ve now treated about 20 bats with apple cider vinegar. The fungus appears easy to kill with vinegar. Left untreated, however, it continues to eat away at everything.” Though apple cider vinegar helps, it is certainly no ‘silver bullet’ cure for WNS. The outcome of this study has however, given researchers and microbiologists hope that a cure may be closer than they first imagined.
This organic pest control approach is similar to using green pest control products to thwart unwanted pests. An exterminator company located in New Jersey is using the same techniques to get rid of carpenter ants and other insects. For more information visit http://arkadiapest.com/green_pest_solutions.
Since 2006, confirmed cases of White-nose syndrome have spread from New York to Canada, and as far south as southern Virginia. If these trends continue, we could see the disease spread to cave-dwelling bats throughout all of North America. Outside of the decline in bat populations, wider implications could also be seen. Considering the fact that bats help to control mosquito populations, fears of a widespread increase in mosquito spread viruses could become a reality. These implications would increase the transmission of the microorganism West Nile Virus, a mosquito-borne flavivirus, in the United States and Canada. Microbiologists are not taking these concerns lightly and continue to study the white fungus, which is thought to be the causative agent behind WNS. A cure would not only save certain bat species from extinction, but would help to thwart the rise of widespread mosquito carrying viruses. For the sake of bats and humans, let’s hope that a cure for White-nose syndrome is found soon.
In closing, White-nose syndrome, since first reported in 2006, has dealt serious blows to bat populations in most northeastern states and continues to spread north and far south. In some cases, bat populations have declined as much as 90% in certain areas. Microbiologists have linked the disease to a white fungal growth and discovered that bats transfer WMS by direct bat-to-bat contact. Researchers have also discovered that man is most likely behind the spread of the fungus throughout the states affected. Fungal spores and other microscopic organisms are transferred cave to cave by human travel. The decline in the bat population has given rise to other threats, such as an increase in West Nile Virus carrying mosquitoes. Though one researcher has tested apple cider vinegar on infected bats and was successful in curing them, an overall cure for White-nose syndrome has yet to be discovered, and the white fungus continues to spread.
About the Author
An organic pest control company in New Jersey that uses green pest control solutions to help NJ residents safely thwart unwanted insects, rodents, and animals. Carpenter ants, carpenter bees, cave crickets, beb bugs, roaches, centipedes, mice. Arkadia Pest Control can handle it all!!!
For more information regarding Arkadia’s Organic Pest Control program in NJ, visit their website.
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The Drop $8.47 Geordie’ Cartwright has disappeared, along with Bobby Mahoney’s money. I have to find him and fast, or it’s going to be my face staring into the business end of a nail gun’ David Blake is no gangster, or so he likes to think. He’s a white-collar criminal, working for gangster Bobby Mahoney, enjoying the good life while the money keeps on pouring in. Trouble is, a big chunk of that money has just gone missing, along with Geordie Cartwright, and Blake is getting the blame. Has Geordie done a runner with The Drop or has he been killed by a rival gang? As Blake goes deeper into the Newcastle underworld, a seedy and violent place filled with dodgy clubs, pubs, lap-dancing bars and brothels, he slowly starts to uncover the truth; there’s a rat in Bobby’s crew and someone else is planning a take-over. Meanwhile the Serious Organised Crime Agency and an ambitious DI are both closing in on Bobby. It’s just a matter of time before he’s finally nicked for good. Blake must uncover the truth before it’s too late for them all. If that were not enough, he has to choose between his girlfriend, the beautiful lawyer Laura and the impossible-to-resist Sarah, his boss’s gorgeous young daughter. Sarah might just be the most dangerous person in his life right now, if her dad finds out. In a desperate and bloody finale, Blake has to make an agonising choice and someone has to pay the ultimate price in The Drop. |
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