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Music Theory: About the invention of Musical Modes…?

Lydian
Ionian
Mixolydian etc.

The functional pattern of these modes is that of any keyboard instrument’s white keys! (or in old baroque harpsichord black ones)

Because they sound to most us not quite as beautiful nor harmonious as the regular key signatures; minor/major/melodic/harmonic…, I get the feeling that the modes were invented before regular key signatures. And I also have a feeling that the instrument that they based their modes on was some kind of a keyboard instrument as I described before. So what instrument is that ?? If I’m correct about the keyboard instrument, all is left to ponder is why they chose this instrument or whether they had any other instruments ??? And am I right about that modes were invented before key signatures mostly used today ??

This question brings in other factors from the history of music – I will explain the best I can. The mode were originally based upon the natural intonation of primitive string and wind instruments – THOUSANDS of years before the invention of nay keyboards. The series of pitches that could be aggregated from those instruments were NOT in the same scheme of intonation as the much later *contrived* systems of temperament and scalar construction that came much later, in the 1600s – when Bach was writing the Well-Tempered Clavier (I am really simplifying here, as other experts will see), that allowed us to play in every single key signature, athough will compromised intonation. (Most music in the Baroque era did not exceed 3 flats or sharps – to go further would cause them to be painfully out of tune – think of how much you have to retune a guitar when you keep moving the capo up.)

Anyway – the various modes reflected the subtleties in emotion cause by a certain arrangement of whole and half steps. Th Ancients believed that each of these modes had the ability to affect people in powerful ways. The names came from associations with various geographic and ethnic groups – what if there had been a *Spartan* mode? Woudl it not have bee *warlike* in its sound? The mode that was completely a construct was Locrian – it is inherently unstable since it lacks a perfect fifth and a leading tone (other lack a leading tone, but DO have a perfect fifth.)

Funny but true – I was once orally reviewing mode structure before a quiz, and go to the last mode – and was hinting at a students –
Come on, what is that mode? You know – the one that is so unstable? His answer – Freudian???

OK – we move thru the Middle Ages and Renaissance (ficta, some instance of rudimentary key signature, etc.) and get to the Baroque. Musicians now explore the possibility of playing in EVERY key – which means re-thinking temperament, tuning, etc. (Read “How Equal Temperament Ruined Harmony – and why you should care” by Ross W. Duffin). The modes, except for their use in churches, have pretty much fallen down to 2 – Ionian and Aeolian, which we call major and minor, due to the size of their primary third. Various theoreticians try to explain away HOW and WHY these scales are the way they are, and why they are the survivors, etc. Ehhhh – not all explanations are satisfactory, but the bottom line is – that is what we got.

Years pass into the 20th century – various composers and theorists come up with alternate ways to organize scales, tone rows, cells, etc. and write music that is sometimes convincing, sometimes not so much.

So – this was a GROSS overview and simplification – please do not hold my feet to the fire for that. I hope it helped you to some degree (sorry for the pun.)

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